Company and Partnership Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Company and Partnership Law - Essay Example This principle is termed as the Salomon Principle. The paper first discusses the issue of Salomon litigation. The doctrine of the legal entity came from the Salomon case. The facts and findings from the case disclosed that the owner incorporated firms where the family members were the shareholders. The issue and problem came up when the business of the company turns to be bad. The assets value was not sufficient to pay the creditors of the company and that of the owner. The bibliography of Aron Salomon was a leather merchant and wholesale boot maker who initially ran their business having a single owner. In 1892, his children became interested in managing the business in consequentially making Aron decide to manage and convert the business as an organization called Salomon & Company Limited, with a aim of transforming his leather and boot-manufacturing business to the Company. The members (shareholders) of the Company were to be Aron Salomon and his family2. Aron Salomon engaged himself into an agreement with Adolph Anhalt. Adolph Anhalt is considered the trustee of the company. They settled the terms that assuming the case of transferring the business occur. The agreement included the part payment where the Aron Salomon was to receive  £10,000 in debentures showing proof of money loaned out to the Company in that amount. During that period, the legal framework allowed that seven people subscribe to be the company members and owners of the company. As mentioned above, the members were Aron Salomon, Aron Salomon wife, and Aron Salomon children. His sons took control of the company with Aron Salomon as managing director He went ahead to sell his business to the Company for close to  £39,000, with  £10,000 being a debt to Aron and the debentures would serve as evidence. Salomon therefore became the Company’s main shareholder and creditor. On the following year (1893), the Company became liquidated; the arrangement

Cat in the Rain Essay Example for Free

Cat in the Rain Essay Cat in the Rain is a short story about an American couple on vacation to Italy. They are in their first year of marriage. The husband has a dismissive attitude towards the wife and the wife always wants more. In the story the couple has a lot of selfishness going on in their relationship. The husband ignores his wife’s needs and the wife and the wife is not satisfied with her husband. The theme of this story has a lot to do with loneliness in the couples’ relationship. In this story the American couple is trapped in their hotel room with nothing to do because of the raining weather. The husband wants to read and ignore his wife. So the wife is looking out the window and sees a cat crouched from the rain. She wants to go downstairs and get the cat. She tells her husband about it and he shrugs it off. The wife goes down herself and the story talks a lot about how she likes the inn keeper. I find that this part of the story most affected me when the husband ignored his wife’s wants and needs. She really wanted that cat because it was something for her to do and feel good about. Her husband obviously doesn’t satisfy her which makes her feel lonely and the cat would keep her company. The wife in this story wants to feel appreciated and loved like any other woman would. Being married for their first year is beginning to be hard for them. Hemingway tries to tell about a first marriage of a couple he once knew and how hard it is for some to always keep that happiness. Couples always have disagreements but should never feel alone. A husband should not ignore his wife’s needs and in this story that is what he does instead of trying to satisfy his wife. Close to the ending of this story the wife was not able to find the cat. She came back in the hotel room very sad. She tries to tell her husband but he does not listen. She starts complaining about what she wants to change about herself. She wants â€Å"her hair to be long so she can brush it† and she wants a cat. The husband can only say that he likes things the way they are. He tells her to shut up. He does not care what the wife’s needs are or what she wants. He does not want to listen and he just wants to read which is what he wishes she would do. This part of the story really interested me because I could not get as to why the husband doesn’t respond to what she asks for. The wife desperately wants attention and he is not giving it to her. The story of the American couple explains a lot about how the wife tries to get attention from the husband. Hemingway talks about a cat but behind that cat this story means more. The lack of attention her husband gives her may make her feel that she is restricted on expressing herself and keeps most of her feelings inside. The cat stays compact to stay dry outside, which is how the wife feels she has to be with her husband to make him happy. She hides herself constantly from him. In this story it relates to her as American wife and never tells her name. This kind of says that she is nothing but an American wife which is exactly how she feels. Hemingway had a unique way of telling the story but the way he told it had a lot of meaning to it. He showed the couples loneliness in a different way.

Religion :: essays research papers

According to the dictionary "religion is the service and worship of God or the supernatural."1 I challenge that definition. It is true that all religions do involve the worship of some supernatural force, however, it is also true that no religion in history has ever stopped at that. For a more complete definition of the word religion we also have to examine two other aspects. How has it affected man over the centuries? And what is the true motivation of its leadership? Some would have you believe that it has brought peace and harmony to the world and that its leaders are motivated by the service of their god. I suggest that a more accurate definition of word would be as follows. Religion, a feudal system of government which uses fear, hate and sometimes lies to control and manipulate people for the betterment of a select group of individuals. To better illustrate this point let's look at just three of the countless examples that human history has to offer. The Inquisition, "judicial institution, established by the papacy in the Middle Ages, charged with seeking out, trying, and sentencing people guilty of heresy."2 Heretics were considered enemies of the state. The penalty for heresy was torture and death. The crucifixion of Jesus Christ, "Jesus was taken to Golgotha and nailed to a cross, the Roman punishment for political offenders and criminals."2 The Crusades, "The name Crusade (from Latin, "Cross") was also applied, to the wars against pagan peoples, Christian heretics, and political foes of the papacy."2 All three examples illustrate how man has used God to justify his greed and quest for power. When the leadership was challenged, it used devine decree to justify the murder and torture of the innocent. We are expected to believe that a non-physical being order the religious leadership to aquire riches and land, often at the demise of the poor and helpless. The misuse of God isn't limited to the Ancient world.

Free College Essays - Indifference in The Stranger by Albert Camus :: The Stranger The Outsider

Indifference in Camus’  The Stranger (The Outsider)  Ã‚     Albert Camus’ novel, The Stranger, examines what happens to a passive man when mixed in a murder.   During the trial of the main character, Meursault, the prosecutor examines Meursault’s normal behavior as callous and cold.   In order for the prosecutor to have a case in the reader’s mind, Camus must create the past that the trial calls for.   Camus shows a passive man, and the way that he deals with normal life occurrences.   Camus must create a portrait of indifference.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Meursault is talking to Raymond Sintes, a neighbor of his, Raymond tells his tales of violence and asks Meursault for advice.   Meursault seems withdrawn during his time with Raymond.   Raymond had actually asked Meursault into his room so that he may ask Meursault’s opinion: â€Å"because I was a man, I knew about things, I could help him out, and then we’d be pals.†Ã‚   (Camus, 29)   Meursault remains quiet in the conversation, but eventually does speak up: â€Å"I didn’t say anything, and he asked me again if I wanted to be pals.   I said it was fine with me: he seemed pleased.†Ã‚   (Camus, 29)   It really made no difference to Meursault if he was stated as a friend of Raymond’s or not.   The way that Meursault does not contribute to the conversation and that it is just â€Å"fine with [him]† to be friends creates an image of indifference.   This image continues to grow as Raymond continues to talk to Meursault.   Raymond goes on to tell of his problems with women, and Meursault still remains silent.   After his Raymond’s confessions are over he once again thanks Meursault for being a pal: â€Å"I didn’t mind being his pal, and he seemed set on it.† (Camus, 33) Once again, Meursault’s attitude makes it seem that he doesn’t really care if he is Raymond’s pal.   It has no effect of him, but it will help out Raymond, so he’ll be his pal.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Meursault is asked to deal with serious relationship questions and issues, he shows his indifference again.   Because Meursault becomes romantically involved with Marie, she eventually asks him if he loves her, â€Å"I told her it didn’t mean anything but that I didn’t think so.† (Camus, 35) This seems to be a very cold response to a question that is taken seriously, but M was telling the truth.   It didn’t really matter to him.

Mandeville Analysis

Defining â€Å"Vice† To understand Mandible's claim that society is vice-driven, one needs to loosely examine The Grumbling Hive which was later included in his larger work, The Fable of the Bees: OR, Private Vices, Public Benefits. Mandible starts off by describing â€Å"A Spacious Hive well stock's with Bees, That lived in Luxury and Ease† (Mandible, 1705, lines 1-2). He states they were a large colony with science and industry and a good government, evidenced by the fact that â€Å"They were not Slaves to Tyranny† (Mandible, 1 705, line 9).The bees worked hard at their trades, which served to make the society (the hive) thrive, but he observes that this was not without consequences. He notes hat although the hive worked hard and â€Å"Millions were employed† (Mandible, 1705, line 35), there was always a separate class or group that worked harder than the rest: â€Å"And some were damned to Scythes and Spades, And all those hard laborious Trades; Where willing Wretches daily sweat, And wear out Strength and Limbs to eat† (Mandible, 1 705, lines 41-44).He also notes that there is always a group of people who will take advantage of those hard workers for their own gain, and that this deceit was wide-spread and affected all groups and trades. As evidence, he points out that people filed needless assists; lawyers would delay hearings and pocket the retaining fees like burglars looking for the best way to break in; physicians valued money and power over the health and well-being of their patients and instead chose to study â€Å"Rules of Art†; the â€Å"Priests of Jove†, although eloquent,† . Al past Muster, that could hide Their Sloth, Lust, Avarice and Pride† (Mandible, 1705, lines 74, 85, 89-90); the Kings were cheated by those who served them, and even Lady Justice dropped her scales so she could grasp her bribe of gold. (Mandible, 1705, line 142). In this description of the flourishing hive, Mandibl e paints us a picture, not of a society flourishing from hard work, sweat, and â€Å"doing the right thing', but of a society getting ahead through tricks, deceit, and greed.This is the entire basis for his concept of ‘Vice†. We do nothing out of pure altruism. In Mandible's eyes, everything is driven by Our own self-interest, our need to fulfill our own wishes, Wants, and desires through selfishness, dishonesty and indulgence on luxury goods. In the Preface of his larger work, The Fable of the Bees: or, Private Vices, PublicBenefits, Mandible clarifies his position further when he states: † so they that examine into the Nature of Man, abstract from Art and Education, may observe, that what renders him a Sociable Animal, consists not in his desire or Company, Good-nature, Pity, Affability, and other Graces of a fair Outside; but that his vilest and most hateful Qualities are the most necessary Accomplishments to fit him for the largest, and, according to the World , the happiest and most flourishing Societies† (Mandible, 1714, p. ). Mandible's views were refuted by Adam Smith in his 1759 work, The Theory f Moral Sentiments when he stated: â€Å"Every thing, according to him, is luxury which exceeds what is absolutely necessary for the support of human nature, so that there is vice even in the use of a clean shirt, or of a convenient habitation† (Smith, 1 759, p. 506). It is Smith's view that there is no vice present or intended when our actions are â€Å"honorable and noble† (Smith, 1759, p. 501).However, even Smith, who was one of Mandible's biggest detractors, later admitted: â€Å"But how destructive sever, this system may appear, it could never have imposed upon so great a number of persons, nor eve occasioned so general an alarm among those who are the friends of better principles, had it not in some respects bordered upon the truth† (Smith, 1 759, p. 508), leaving us to believe that perhaps Mandible's concept (and consequence) of â€Å"vice† is actually true.The Products of â€Å"Vice† In Mandible's hive, the society and it's economy is driven by the vices of the bees. Their wishes, wants, and desires for â€Å"things† drive the production and consumption of these commodities. An increased demand for â€Å"things† will lead to more people working to produce those items, which will lead to a argue supply available to the populace (many times at a lower cost due to mass production), and an increased consumption of those items, which leads us back to higher demand, which equals more work, and so on.Mandible also goes on to say that there is a causal relationship between this â€Å"vice† and the ingenuity of the worker, which leads to prosperity even for the poorest members of the hive (society): â€Å"Thus Vice nursed Ingenuity, Which joined with Time; and Industry Had carry's Life's Conveniences, It's real Pleasures, Comforts, Ease, To such a Height, the very Poor Lived better than the Rich before; And nothing could be added more† (Mandible, 1705, lines 97-103).It is important to pause here a moment and point out that we are not discussing those items required to meet basic, day-to-day needs (food, clothing, and housing). We are discussing those items over and above the basics, I. E. : fine clothing, fancy furniture, and expensive food and drink (what he would call luxury items). This â€Å"conspicuous consumption† (a term first coined by Thorniest Evolve in his 1 899 book entitled, The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of he Evolution of Institutions) still drives our economy today.A large portion of our population lives well above their means. They purchase houses many times larger than they need, drive vehicles marketed to â€Å"upscale† buyers interested in â€Å"brand identification†, and take out second mortgages they can't afford so they can purchase huge Class A motherhood they use on ce a year, or install a pool which sees limited usage, all because of this need to have the â€Å"things† that project a certain image or lifestyle. These luxury items and the markets they drive were huge in our current society, until the bottom fell outOf the market and everything came crashing down. In 2005, Carol Lloyd Of the San Francisco Chronicle noted: â€Å"In the U. S. , a trend in 1 sass toward large houses began, with the average size of a home doubling over the next 50 years. This trend has been compared to the increase in SUB purchases, also often a symbol of conspicuous consumption. People have purchased huge houses even at the expense of the size of their yard, the inability to save funds for retirement, or a greatly increased commute time, up to a couple of hours.Such large homes can also facilitate other forms of consumption, in roving extra storage space for vehicles, clothes, and other objects† (Lloyd, 2005). In The Theory of the Leisure Class, Evolv e argued that social honor was originally based on ownership of private property. In earlier times, wealth was seen as evidence of the instinct of workmanship, but more recently wealth itself is worthy of praise. Originally, the leisure class sought to demonstrate its wealth by not working. But as industrial society evolved, conspicuous consumption became the best way to demonstrate one's wealth.The leisure class is expected to consume the best in food, drink, shelter, argotic, services, ornaments, apparel, amusements, and so on, and because the leisure class stands at the top of this ranking system, it is incumbent on all classes that rank below them to follow their example (Evolve, 1899, Chi. 4). When Vice is Removed So what happens when â€Å"vice† is removed from society? In Mandible's â€Å"hive†, the bees eventually get tired of living in greed and injustice, so they call on Jove to bring virtue to their society. But, Oh ye Gods! What Consternation, How vast and sudden was the Alteration! In half an Hour, the Nation round, Meat fell a Penny in the Pound† (Mandible, 1 705, lines 242-245). Even the lawyers were affected in this new society: â€Å"The Bar was silent from that Day; For now the willing Debtors pay On which, since nothing less can thrive, Than Lawyers in an honest Hive† (Mandible, 1705, lines 250-251 256-257). Justice returned, physicians tended the ill, the clergy ministered, but yet, the hive was still collapsing.Virtue has been restored, but the society begins to self-destruct. With the drive for self-interest gone, economic development dies and the bees become lazy and unmotivated. The bees are now selling off â€Å"Stately Horses by whole sets; And Country Houses to pay Debts† (Mandible, 1705, lines 325-326); they are moving to other trades where they feel they can make a living, only to find that those trades are â€Å"o'er-stocked accordingly† (Mandible, 1 705, lines 342). Their lands and houses aren't worth what they paid for them, work is scarce, all, it seems is lost.So, they resolve to go about everyday life, living as simply as they can to get by: â€Å"And, when they paid the Tavern Score, Resolved to enter it no more† (Mandible, 1705, lines 357-358). The Haughty Chloe has to sell her furniture from the Indies, she goes longer before buying new clothes, and the rare fruits she previously enjoyed are now a thing of the past (Mandible, 1705, lines 367-381). It seems that by seeking honesty and virtue, the society destroyed itself. The bees start to abandon the hive.The few that remain take shelter in â€Å"a hollow tree, Blest with content and Honesty' (Mandible, 1705, lines 407-408), In the last part of the doggerel, Mandible presents ‘The MORAL†: â€Å"Then leave Complaints: Fools only strive To make a Great an honest Hive. Tendon the World's Conveniences, Be Famed in War, yet live in Ease Without great Vices, is a vain Utopia seated in the Brain. Fraud, Luxury, and Pride must live; Whilst we the Benefits receive† (Mandible, 1705, lines 409-416).Mandible commented in the preface to Fable Of the Bees that he wrote The Grumbling Hive â€Å"to show the Vileness of the Ingredients that all together compose the wholesome Mixture of a well-ordered Society†. He further stated that: â€Å"For the main Design of the Fable †¦ Is to she [show] the Impossibility of enjoying all the most elegant Comforts of Life that are to be met with in an industrious, lathe and powerful Nation, and at the same time be bless's with all the Virtue and Innocence that can be wished for in a Golden Age† (Mandible, 1714, p. ). We can apply this notion that vice is the foundation of national prosperity and happiness to the economic mess in the United States today. There came a point in our current economy that people began to realize they were in debt too deep. Many times, applications for credit were â€Å"doctored† so that a consumer could take out more credit than they could really afford. The result was that consumers over-extended and bought multitudes of ‘things† hey did not need and could not pay for in pursuit of â€Å"status†.Once this realization set in, people began to back away from the excesses of the previous decade: they spent less and tried to save more, they started to sell off their expensive purchases, and they tried to cut back, settling for the day- to-day items necessary to sustain life. Some economists say this sudden frugality actually made things worse, because when people stopped spending, the economy shriveled up. The price of land and houses plummeted, new building stopped, workers in all kinds of industries lost their bobs, factories closed, and the unemployment rate skyrocketed.People started defaulting on loans at an alarming rate. The market was flooded with used motor homes and people were stuck with houses they couldn't afford, but couldn't sell. Forec losures were (and still are) at an all-time high. It seems the American dream has vanished. While Mandible believed the ‘Vice† that causes us to buy â€Å"things† in excess is part of the downfall of the hive: â€Å"Great wealth and foreign treasure,† Mandible wrote, â€Å"will ever scorn to come among men unless you'll admit their inseparable companions, avarice and usury: where trade is considerable, fraud will intrude.To be at once well- bred and sincere is no less than a contradiction; and therefore while man advances in knowledge, and his manners are polished, we must expect to see at the same time his desires enlarged, his appetites refined, and his vices increased† (Mandible, 1714, p. 201 it is interesting to note that the Scandinavian countries (Sweden, Denmark and Norway) have remained relatively stable. In these countries â€Å"where many people pay 50% of their income in taxes† to support their high-benefit welfare system, these â⠂¬Å"systems eve been acting as stabilizers to their economies.If you lose your job in Sweden, you can expect to receive of your wages for the first 200 days of inactivity, up to 680 kronor (EYE) per day, dropping to 70% for the following 100 days. If you lose your job in Norway, you will receive 62% of your previous salary for up to two years† (Pouches', 2009). Kristin Halverson, Narrator's finance minister, states: â€Å"In these days, we see that a strong welfare state, together with free education and healthcare, has acted as a buffer that stabilizes the economy† (Pouches', 2009).Perhaps this is why the Scandinavian entries were affected much less than the United States during the recent recession. I doubt it's because Scandinavia is much less prone to Mandible's concept of';CE†. It is much more likely that in a country like the United States where the welfare state has such strong disapproval, the competitive, â€Å"get ahead at all costs† and â€Å"ke ep up with the Joneses† mentality of the American consumer is at fault. It is the â€Å"do anything, say anything† mentality that people are willing to employ to get what they want when they want it, whether they can afford it or not.

Tracing Your Family Medical History

Tracing Your Family Medical History You know you got your curly red hair from your grandmother, and your prominent nose from your dad. These arent the only things you may have inherited from your family, however. Many medical conditions, including heart disease, breast cancer, prostate cancer, diabetes, alcoholism and Alzheimers disease have also been shown to be passed down through families. What Is A Family Medical History? A family medical history or medical family tree is a record of important medical information about your relatives, including illnesses and diseases, along with the relationships among the members of your family. A family health or medical history is begun by talking with your immediate family members parents, grandparents and siblings as they provide the most important links to genetic risk. Why is a Family Medical History Important? Some studies say that over 40 percent of the population is at increased genetic risk for a common disease such as cancer, diabetes or heart disease. Understanding your risk for developing such diseases is an important reason to learn more about your family history. By knowing your risk, you can make informed decisions about prevention and screening, and even participate in genetic-based research aimed at understanding, preventing and curing disease. For example, if your father had colon cancer at age 45, you should probably be screened at an earlier age for colon cancer than age 50, the average age for first-time colon cancer screening. How is a Family Medical History Used? How is a family medical history used? A family medical history helps document familial patterns which may impact your health, such as trends towards specific types of cancer, early heart disease, or even something simple such as skin problems. Compiling a family medical history can help you and your doctor spot these family patterns and use the information to assist with the following: Diagnosing a medical conditionDetermining whether you may benefit from preventive measures to lower your risk of a specific diseaseDeciding what medical tests to runIdentifying other members of your family who are at risk of developing certain diseasesCalculating your risk of certain diseasesCalculating your risk of passing certain conditions to your children What Should Be Included in a Family Medical History? Going back about three generations (to your grandparents or great-grandparents), try to collect details on every direct family member who has died and the cause of death. Also, document the medical conditions of all family members, including the age at which they were first diagnosed, their treatment, and if they ever had surgery. Important medical conditions to document include: CancerHeart diseaseDiabetesAsthmaMental illnessHigh blood pressureStrokeKidney diseaseAlcoholismBirth defectsLearning disabilitiesVision or hearing loss For family members with known medical problems, make notes on their overall health, including if they smoked, were overweight, and their exercise habits. If a family member had cancer, be sure to learn the primary type and not just where it metastasized. If your family members came from a different country, make note of that as well, as some medical conditions have possible ethnic roots. How Should I Document My Family Medical History? Family medical history can be recorded in a similar manner to the traditional family tree, just using standard medical symbols in a pedigree format - squares for men and circles for women. You can either use a standard key, or create your own which specifies what your symbols mean. See Tools for Recording Your Family Medical History for more information, examples, forms and questionnaires. If you find the forms too complicated, just collect the information. Your doctor will still be able to use what you find. Remove any personal names from your work before giving it to your doctor or anyone outside the family. They dont need to know the names, only the relationships among individuals, and you never know where your medical tree might end up! My Family Cant Help Me, Now What? If your parents are deceased or relatives are uncooperative, it may take some real detective work to learn more about your familys medical past. If you cant get access to medical records, try death certificates, obituaries and old family letters. Even old family photos can provide visual clues to diseases such as obesity, skin conditions and osteoporosis. If youre adopted or otherwise cant learn more about your familys health history, be sure to follow standard screening recommendations and see your doctor for a physical on a regular basis. Keep in mind that the format and questions dont have to be perfect. The more information you gather, in whatever format is easiest for you, the more informed youll be about your medical heritage. What you learn could literally save your life!

4 Criminals Prosecuted During the American Civil War

4 Criminals Prosecuted During the American Civil War The conditions that captured Union soldiers endured at the Confederacy’s Andersonville Prison were horrific. During the 18 months that the prison was in operation, nearly 13,000 Union soldiers died from malnutrition, disease, and exposure to the elements due to inhumane treatment by Andersonville’s Commander Henry Wirz.  So it really should come as no surprise that his prosecution for war crimes after the South’s surrender is the most well-known trial resulting from the Civil War.  But it is not as commonly known that there were almost one thousand other military prosecutions of Confederates. Many of these were due to the mistreatment of captured Union soldiers. Henry Wirz Henry Wirz took command of Andersonville Prison on March 27, 1864, about one month after the first prisoners arrived there.  One of Wirz’s first acts was to create an area called the dead-line fence, designed to increase security by keeping prisoners away from the stockade wall. Any prisoner who crossed the â€Å"dead-line† was subject to being shot by the prison guards.  During Wirzs reign as commander, he used threats to keep prisoners in line. When threats didn’t appear to work, Wirz ordered sentries to shoot prisoners.  In May 1865, Wirz was arrested at Andersonville and transported to Washington, D.C. to await trial.  Wirz was tried for conspiring to injure and/or kill captured soldiers by improperly denying them access to food, medical supplies, and clothing. He was also charged with murder for personally executing a number of prisoners. Approximately 150 witnesses testified against Wirz at his military trial, which lasted from August 23 to October 18, 1865.  After being found guilty of all charges against him, Wirz was sentenced to death and hanged on November 10, 1865. James Duncan James Duncan was another officer from Andersonville Prison who was also arrested.  Duncan, who had been assigned to the quartermasters office, was convicted of manslaughter for intentionally withholding food from the prisoners.  He was sentenced to 15 years of hard labor but escaped after serving only one year of his sentence. Champ Ferguson At the onset of the Civil War, Champ Ferguson was a farmer in Eastern Tennessee. This areas population was fairly equally divided between supporting the Union and the Confederacy.  Ferguson organized a guerilla company that attacked and killed Union sympathizers.  Ferguson also acted as a scout for Colonel John Hunt Morgans Kentucky cavalry, and Morgan promoted Ferguson to the rank of Captain of Partisan Rangers.  The Confederate Congress passed a measure called the Partisan Ranger Act which allowed for the recruitment of irregulars into service.  It should be noted that due to a lack of discipline amongst Partisan Rangers, General Robert E. Lee called for the repeal of the Act by the Confederate Congress in February 1864.  After a trial before a military tribunal, Ferguson was convicted of killing more than 50 captured Union soldiers. He was executed by hanging in October 1865. Robert Kennedy Robert Kennedy was a Confederate officer who had been captured by Union forces and was imprisoned at Johnson’s Island Military Prison. The prison was located in Sandusky Bay, which is on the Lake Erie coast just a few miles from Sandusky, Ohio.  Kennedy escaped from Johnson’s Island in October 1864, making his way into Canada - which maintained neutrality towards both sides.  Kennedy met up with several Confederate officers who were using Canada as a launching  pad to conduct war acts against the Union. He participated in a plot to start fires at numerous hotels, as well as at a museum and a theatre in New York City, with the intent to overwhelm local authorities.  All the fires were either put out quickly or failed to do any damage.  Kennedy was the only one who was captured.  After a trial before a military tribunal, Kennedy was executed by hanging in March 1865.

A History of Bow and Arrow Technology

A History of Bow and Arrow Technology Bow and arrow hunting (or archery) is a technology first developed by early modern humans in Africa, perhaps as long as 71,000 years ago. Archaeological evidence shows that the technology was certainly used by humans during the Howiesons Poort phase of Middle Stone Age Africa, between 37,000 and 65,000 years ago; recent evidence at South Africas Pinnacle Point cave tentatively pushes the initial use back to 71,000 years ago. However, there is no evidence that the bow and arrow technology was used by people who migrated out of Africa until the Late Upper Paleolithic or Terminal Pleistocene, at most 15,000-20,000 years ago. The oldest surviving organic elements of bows and arrows only date to the Early Holocene of about 11,000 years ago. Africa: Middle Stone Age, 71,000 years ago.Europe and Western Asia: Late Upper Paleolithic, although there are no UP rock art paintings of archers and the oldest arrow shafts date to the Early Holocene, 10,500 BP; the earliest bows in Europe are from the bog site of Stellmor in Germany, where 11,000 years ago someone lost a pine arrow shaft with nocks in the end.Japan / Northeast Asia: Terminal Pleistocene.North / South America: Terminal Pleistocene. Making a Bow and Arrow Set Based on modern-day San Bushmen bow-and-arrow manufacture, existing bows and arrows curated in South African museums as well as archaeological evidence for Sibudu Cave, Klasies River Cave, and Umhlatuzana Rockshelter in South Africa, Lombard and Haidle (2012) operationalized the basic process of making a bow and arrows. To make a bow and a set of arrows, the archer needs stone tools (scrapers, axes, woodworking adzes, hammerstones, tools for straightening and smoothing wooden shafts, flint for making fire), a container (ostrich eggshell in South Africa) for carrying water, ochre mixed with resin, pitch, or tree gum for adhesives, fire for blending and setting the adhesives, tree saplings, hardwood and reeds for the bow stave and arrow shafts, and animal sinew and plant fiber for binding material. The technology for making a bow stave is close to that of making a wooden spear (first made by Homo heidelbergensis more than 300,000 years ago); but the differences are that instead of straightening a wooden lance, the archer needs to bend the bow stave, string the bow, and treat the stave with adhesives and fat to prevent splitting and cracking. How Does It Compare to Other Hunting Technologies? From a modern standpoint, the bow and arrow technology  is definitely a leap forward from lance and atlatl (spear thrower) technology. Lance technology involves a long spear which is used to thrust at prey. An atlatl is a separate piece of bone, wood or ivory, that acts as a lever to increase the power and speed of a throw: arguably, a leather strap attached to the end of a lance spear might be a technology between the two. But bow and arrow technology has a number of technological advantages over lances and atlatls. Arrows are longer-range weapons, and the archer needs less space. To fire off an atlatl successfully, the hunter needs to stand in big open spaces and be highly visible to his/her prey; arrow hunters can hide behind bushes and shoot from a kneeling position. Atlatls and spears are limited in their repeatability: a hunter can carry one spear and maybe as many as three darts for an atlatl, but a quiver of arrows can include a dozen or more shots. To Adopt or Not to Adopt Archaeological and ethnographic evidence suggests that these technologies were rarely mutually exclusive- groups combined spears and atlatls and bows and arrows with nets, harpoons, deadfall traps, mass-kill kites, and buffalo jumps, and many other strategies as well. People vary their hunting strategies based on the prey being sought, whether it is big and dangerous or wily and elusive or marine, terrestrial or airborne in nature. The adoption of new technologies can profoundly affect the way a society is constructed or behaves. Perhaps the most important difference is that lance and atlatl hunting are group events, collaborative processes that are successful only if they include a number of family and clan members. In contrast, bow and arrow hunting can be achieved with just one or two individuals. Groups hunt for the group; individuals for the individual families. That is a profound social change, affecting almost every aspect of life including who you marry, how big is your group, and how status is conveyed. One issue that might also have affected the adoption of the technology may be that bow and arrow hunting simply has a longer training period than atlatl hunting. Brigid Grund (2017) examined records from modern competitions for atlatl (Atlatl Association International Standard Accuracy Contest) and archery (Society for Creative Anachronism InterKingdom Archery Competition). She discovered an individuals atlatl scores increase steadily, showing improvement in skill within the first few years. Bow hunters, however, do not begin to approach maximum skill until the fourth or fifth year of competition. The Great Technology Shift There is much to be understood in the processes of how technology changed and indeed which technology came first. The earliest atlatl we have dates to the Upper Paleolithic, only 20,000 years ago: the South African evidence is quite clear that bow and arrow hunting is much older still. But archaeological evidence being what it is, we still dont really know the complete answer about the dates of hunting technologies and we may never have a better definition of when the inventions occurred than at least as early as. People adapt to technologies for reasons other than just because something is new or shiny. Every new technology is characterized by its own costs and benefits for the task at hand. Archaeologist Michael B. Schiffer referred to this as application space: that the level of adoption of a new technology depends on the number and variety of tasks that it could be used on, and which it is best suited to. Old technologies are rarely completely obsoleted, and the transition period can be very long indeed. Sources Angelbeck B, and Cameron I. 2014. The Faustian bargain of technological change: Evaluating the socioeconomic effects of the bow and arrow transition in the Coast Salish past. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 36:93-109.Bradfield J. 2012. Macrofractures on bone-tipped arrows: analysis of hunter-gatherer arrows in the Fourie collection from Namibia. Antiquity 86(334):1179-1191. Brown KS, Marean CW, Jacobs Z, Schoville BJ, Oestmo S, Fisher EC, Bernatchez J, Karkanas P, and Matthews T. 2012. An early and enduring advanced technology originating 71,000 years ago in South Africa. Nature 491(7425):590-593.Callanan M. 2013. Melting snow patches reveal Neolithic archery. Antiquity 87(337):728-745.Coolidge FL, Haidle MN, Lombard M, and Wynn T. 2016. Bridging theory and bow hunting: human cognitive evolution and archaeology. Antiquity 90(349):219-228.Erlandson J, Watts J, and Jew N. 2014. Darts, Arrows, and Archaeologists: Distinguishing Dart and Arrow Points in the Archaeological Record. American Antiquity 79(1):162-169. Grund BS. 2017. Behavioral Ecology, Technology, and the Organization of Labor: How a Shift from Spear Thrower to Self Bow Exacerbates Social Disparities. American Anthropologist 119(1):104-119.Kennett DJ, Lambert PM, Johnson JR, and Culleton BJ. 2013. Sociopolitical Effects of Bow and Arrow Technology in Prehistoric Coastal California. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 22(3):124-132.Lombard M, and Haidle MN. 2012. Thinking a Bow-and-arrow Set: Cognitive Implications of Middle Stone Age Bow and Stone-tipped Arrow Technology. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 22(02):237-264.Lombard M, and Phillipson L. 2010. Indications of bow and stone-tipped arrow use 64,000 years ago in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Antiquity 84(325):635–648.Whittaker JC. 2016. Levers, Not Springs: How a Spearthrower Works and Why It Matters. In: Iovita R, and Sano K, editors. Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Stone Age Weaponry. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. p 65-74.

Ecumenical Christain Responses to Islam in Britain Essay

Ecumenical Christain Responses to Islam in Britain - Essay Example Consequently, the move has resulted to strained relationship between the two factions which is hindrance to religious unity. I am also against the assertion by Islam that Jesus is god meaning he is in charge of Christian doctrines because disagrees with the realms of pastoral and theological perspectives. Unlike the urge to downplay Christianity, the false argument has caused the dialogical attitude of investigating the theological motifs of partnership, competition and even isolation amongst Christians. Conversely, generational influence emanating from Muslim fundamentalism and being outside the Gospel causes the existing ecumenical Christian responses. Contrastingly, the relational ideology that guides British Christians, Islam is concerned with ideological isolation that often is opposed to any present secular opinion (Ipgrave 19). It demonstrates that persona identification of the guiding personalities in the ecumenical Christianity is missing extensively amongst Muslims in Britain than other places. Another vital information regards the pastoral nature of ecumenical Britain churches that is supported by a secularized society accompanied by what Michael Ipgrave calls a Christendom model. Secularization of society signals the urgent need for churches and mosques to relax their strong theological doctrines that are not in tandem with the current dynamics (Loosley 240). Contrastingly, while Islam emphasizes on an isolationist ideology in to strengthen its faithful, it only suppresses rights and liberties enshrined in the British life. Overall, the missing emotional connection amongst the Islam religion is propagating the hostility image that defines Christian attitudes and religious systems. Over concentration on the community rather than on the individual is another pertinent contention that drives ecumenical Christians in their responses. This is

Simultaneous determination of eight illegal dyes in chili products by Coursework

Simultaneous determination of eight illegal dyes in chili products by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry - Coursework Example Cross- contamination or adulteration is one of the main foods contaminating process in the due use of Sudan dyes (Juan Lia et al. 2013). This experiment ought to have taken pre-cautions to inform its readers on the harmful effects of these eight illegal dyes in chili products. Spectrophotometric method could have been discussed somewhere in this paper as a way that can be used to detect the presence of Sudan dyes and other illegal dyes in chili powders or any other food stuff in ppm levels (Juan Lia et al. 2013). This method has been found reliable in identifying and estimating the level of sudan I-IV in Chili samples. Ethyl acetate is yet another useful solvent used to extract dyes from chili samples as well as the preparation of samples. The eight illegal dyes discussed in this paper cause carcinogenicity which is a high producing capacity among many other ailments. Otherwise, the paper developed the HPLC-MS/MS chronologically from the first to the last step demonstrating the extraction procedure used to determine eight illegal synthetic dyes in chili products simultaneously. The selection of MS/MS technique combined with chromatographic separation was an accurate method of determining compounds in complex matrices with less ambiguity (Juan Lia et al. 2013). The method was effective that it did not require the laborious clean up procedures. The method was highly accurate with a good repeatability. The detection of any limits like quantification limits was minimal (Juan Lia et al. 2013). The HPLC-MS/MS process employed in the paper proved to be effective for fraud detections in both exported and imported chili products. The analysis of data was done effectively through the use of graphs and tables to illustrate the results. The chemical structures of the eight illegal dyes analysed were also illustrated in both

Forces of Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Forces of Globalization - Essay Example One such force is the dependency of some nations on others, as a result of the increased inequality between such countries. It is clear that some of the countries have developed to world economic powers as a result of their expertise, resources, and technology. On the other hand, most of the countries around the globe are still underdeveloped, with lack of proper technologies and expertise to exploit their resources. From the past, the relationship between these developed and underdeveloped countries has remained one of dependence, with the latter depending on the former for economic and political. In his book, Wright suggested that the Niumi people were dependent on the British during the colonial times and at a point, they remained without basic resources such as healthcare facilities, until they were built by the British. Such is still the case in the current world as the gap between the developed and developing countries has continuously increased, forcing the developing countrie s to develop in the developed countries for financial and humanitarian aid. International politics has also been an interestingly significant determinant of international interactions. Nations from various parts of the world have different political ambitions, some of which are taken into the international environment, leading to either formation of political alliances or conflict. Defined by different political boundaries, different nations are faced with the mandate to protect the interests and sovereignty of their people.

Education Politics in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Education Politics in UK - Essay Example This is also sometimes seen as a form of social control, Education as 'handmaiden': the education system serves the industrial process and the economy by producing a trained workforce, and by providing childminding services, Social change (or 'social engineering'). The education system has been seen as a means of bringing about social change.1 Many social theorists think that for many decades education has suffered through unsuccessful traditional policies to which there always has been a need for fundamental changes in the structure and nature of educational institutions. Educational policies have been dealt with profound and often confrontational debates over the nature and purposes of education in society, particularly those between education, the economy and the nation. The changes initiated during the period altered the power relationships which had underpinned the education system since the 1944 Education Act, which itself had shaped the post-war educational world. Free elementary education was introduced in England in 1870; secondary schools were fee-paying until 1944. 80% of children left after elementary education, which after 1918 finished at 14. The 1944 Education Act introduced free secondary education. ... guments for comprehensives are they reduce the likelihood of discrimination or disadvantage on the basis of class, and that they improve the prospects of children of middling ability. The main argument against is that the selective system may be more consistent with the idea of equality of opportunity. Working class children who went to grammar schools did better than those who go now to comprehensive schools. The current political agenda in the light of educational policies and inclusion require us to analyse the facts behind educational policies highlighting Governmental efforts behind inclusion. When in 1990s Industrial mentoring movement initiated, it involved almost 17,000 pupils in hundreds of British schools to take benefit from those thousands of companies that encouraged their business people and allow them to volunteer as mentors2. From 1994 to 1998, the education was escorted by the European Youthstart Initiative who funded almost a hundred programmes of employment-related guidance, education and training for socially excluded young people in the UK, and the majority of these included mentoring. However, the political extravaganza remain a significant part of the Initiative, where the Institute of Career Guidance (ICG) co-ordinated the Mentoring Action Project (MAP), the largest such programme in Britain to that date3. The MAP remained a success which took over almost one quart er of statutory careers services in England and Wales, thereby allocating mentors to 1,700 young people4. During the same period, the Dalston Youth Project, a voluntary sector scheme working with young black offenders in London's deprived East End, became nationally lauded as an exemplar of mentoring for socially excluded youth. The National Mentoring Network (NMN) in 1994 was

System Analysis and Design 251 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

System Analysis and Design 251 - Essay Example The company requires information management systems, which can flexibly undergo dynamic development to add competitive advantages to businesses. This report project is based on the hypothesis that information technology has the capacity to improve the level of productivity and profits of business enterprises2. The proposed system is expected to conduct comprehensive data processing including order processing, billing, purchases, insurance payments, customer support tasks and processing of payments. The justification of the need for this system is that SC is an extremely busy pharmacy and has many customers, whom it cannot serve adequately without the use of an integrated Information Management System. Purpose of the report The main purpose of this report is to verify the preliminary findings of the manager, and to present the expected resultant benefits that the information management system should bring to SC. It has to present a reliable framework explaining mechanisms through whic h the integrated information management system will assist the process of preparation of prescriptions for various medicines3. Part of its fundamental details will be on how to receive orders from pharmacies and care providers or nursing homes in more advanced methods. The report provides details of operation of automated inventory management modules for medicine stock management4. The report must convince the administration of SC that the system is simpler to use than Excel spreadsheets and MS Access. Finally, the report has details explaining business continuity plan based on how the system will always change to meet its contemporary needs. Structure of the report The report has a major title ‘Integrated Inventory Information Management System’. Under this topic, there are various subtopics addressing the areas of need for this system. The subtopics are as follows: Order Processing Purchase Billing and payment processing Customer service and support The next part of t he report is about the benefits of the system to the operations of businesses in SC. The benefits are presented in summary form as follows: Quick and reliable order processing More reliable billing processes Quick data access and real time processing Advanced System Integration The final section of the report contains the recommendations for further improvements of the system for better functionality in the future. This is one of the most essential needs, which SC administration expects as an outcome of the integrated system. 2. Preliminary findings The report presents the preliminary findings in the following event table: Event Trigger Source Use-Case Response Destination Maintains the records of who pays for the drugs Changes to Data information in regards Care provider Maintain Data information of who pays - - Immediately records information that comes in Newly received orders Client Records the new information - - Organization needs to capture and maintain prescription data New orders coming in Client Records information for prescription - - Produce Case manifests Start of the day - Produce case manifest Case manifest Pharmacist assistant Monthly order reports Monthly Pharmacist Produce order report Report produced Management nursing Home Maintain Drug Information Changes to drug Information Supplier Maintain Drug information - - Points Label for each residents Requests to point labels Pharmacist assist

Education Politics in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Education Politics in UK - Essay Example This is also sometimes seen as a form of social control, Education as 'handmaiden': the education system serves the industrial process and the economy by producing a trained workforce, and by providing childminding services, Social change (or 'social engineering'). The education system has been seen as a means of bringing about social change.1 Many social theorists think that for many decades education has suffered through unsuccessful traditional policies to which there always has been a need for fundamental changes in the structure and nature of educational institutions. Educational policies have been dealt with profound and often confrontational debates over the nature and purposes of education in society, particularly those between education, the economy and the nation. The changes initiated during the period altered the power relationships which had underpinned the education system since the 1944 Education Act, which itself had shaped the post-war educational world. Free elementary education was introduced in England in 1870; secondary schools were fee-paying until 1944. 80% of children left after elementary education, which after 1918 finished at 14. The 1944 Education Act introduced free secondary education. ... guments for comprehensives are they reduce the likelihood of discrimination or disadvantage on the basis of class, and that they improve the prospects of children of middling ability. The main argument against is that the selective system may be more consistent with the idea of equality of opportunity. Working class children who went to grammar schools did better than those who go now to comprehensive schools. The current political agenda in the light of educational policies and inclusion require us to analyse the facts behind educational policies highlighting Governmental efforts behind inclusion. When in 1990s Industrial mentoring movement initiated, it involved almost 17,000 pupils in hundreds of British schools to take benefit from those thousands of companies that encouraged their business people and allow them to volunteer as mentors2. From 1994 to 1998, the education was escorted by the European Youthstart Initiative who funded almost a hundred programmes of employment-related guidance, education and training for socially excluded young people in the UK, and the majority of these included mentoring. However, the political extravaganza remain a significant part of the Initiative, where the Institute of Career Guidance (ICG) co-ordinated the Mentoring Action Project (MAP), the largest such programme in Britain to that date3. The MAP remained a success which took over almost one quart er of statutory careers services in England and Wales, thereby allocating mentors to 1,700 young people4. During the same period, the Dalston Youth Project, a voluntary sector scheme working with young black offenders in London's deprived East End, became nationally lauded as an exemplar of mentoring for socially excluded youth. The National Mentoring Network (NMN) in 1994 was

Nursing - Staffing Issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Nursing - Staffing Issue - Essay Example Although the government has attempted to develop robot nurses, the scientists are yet to succeed in that front. Up to date all nurses are still human thus the need to adopt staffing policies in consideration that the players are human in nature (Roussel, 2011). Staff ratio Staffing ratio entails the number of registered nurse per patient. The ratio could compare the registered nurse per surgical or hospitalized patient. Further, the ratio could be a registered nurse per shift or per patient day. It is imperative for the proportion to be as low down as feasible so that a lesser number of patients is assigned to registered nurses. Nurses being human, also suffer fatigue and exhaustion. When exhausted, a nurse’s effectiveness deteriorates and could lead to the death or atrophication of the patient’s health (Finkelman & Kenner, 2012). Shift rotation and duration Nursing can be structured in shifts whereby the nurses have specific times when they would be on duty. The length and time of the shift is critical in the effectiveness of the nurse. Ideally, the nurse should be on duty for the duration in which s/he is able to concentrate fully. Patients whether surgical or hospitalized would need attention and the nurse should be at her/his best to give attention. When a shift takes too long, the nurse would suffer from fatigue and lose concentration (Griffin, 2011). This gives leeway for the occurrence of procedural or medical errors. The duration must therefore, be long enough to cover for the economic ability of the hospital management but also short enough to guarantee the concentration of nurses. The shifts must also be rotated among the nurses. It is prudent to spread the shifts to all the nurses so that everyone enjoys the burdens in a particular shift. This especially relates to the night shifts which is usually less convenient for most nurses. It is important to provide incentives that would encourage participation by nurses in the night shifts. The management must however consider other factors such as the age of the nurses, marital status and family commitments in electing the night shift nurses (Griffin, 2011). Overtime and weekend staffing Nurses may be forced to work overtime due to strained resources. However, this is risky and should be a measure of last resort. An overtime worker has never been productive in any industry. The nursing profession is more delicate as it deals with the life of patients. It is proper to avoid working nurses overtime as this compromises their effectiveness hence poor delivery which translates to higher risk of hospital mortality. The management should adopt the more difficult option of hiring more nurses rather than opting for overtime (Fernandez, 2010). Weekend staffing is inevitable considered that patients do not cure during weekends. Policy formulators need to appreciate that packages must be friendlier to attract nurses to work over the weekends. The effectiveness of a nurse working ove r the weekend is however not compromised by the fact that the days are weekends (Fernandez, 2010). Empirical evidence Research has attempted to estimate the ratio of hospital mortality to nursing hours. In this analysis, hospital mortality refers to death in the hospital or within thirty days after admission in the hospital. Research has proven that an increase in the

Planning And Decision Making Essay Example for Free

Planning And Decision Making Essay Many organizations lack a better planning and decision making systems that usually leads to the failure of there operations, in this case planning refers to the overall integrated planning system within an organization which incorporates both strategic and corporate planning. An organization is a consciously coordinated social unit composed of two or more people that functions on a relatively continuous basis to achieve a common goal or set of goals. Therefore corporate planning can only be achieved through management functions; planning, which encompasses defining organization goals establishing an overall strategy for achieving those goals and developing a comprehensive hierarchy of plans to integrate and coordinate activities, organizing, which is the determination of what tasks have to be done, who does them how the tasks are to be grouped? Who reports to whom and where decisions are to be made. Controlling, this involves monitoring the organizations performance, leading, which involves managers motivating subordinates, directing the activities to be done, selecting the most appropriate channels of communication and resolving any conflicts among the employees Taking a look at Toyota Industries Corporation that was started in the year 1937 by Kiichirro Toyoda. It started off by manufacturing and selling automatic looms. Later on it extended by manufacturing automobiles including vehicles, car air conditioning compressors and engines. Toyota Company is widely known all over the world as an automobile manufacturer. It proudly owns the title of the world’s largest automaker company. It is known to be the largest then followed by General Motors Company. This company made sales worth 4. 72 million in the first half of the year 2007. It actually made a profit of $ 15. 09 billion. This paper is dealing with an evaluation of the success that this Company is having. This company is known to have production bases in Asia, Europe, Japan, India, China and North America. Toyoda, 2005) Orientation This company is reported to have a better management system that is referred to as the Toyota Production System which is made up of practices that are meant to organize the company’s logistics and its production; it is also found to encouraging a better communication between the company and its clients. Evaluation of Toyota Company shows tremendous success in the year 2007. This has actually ended the reign of the world best selling trademark of General Motors. An evaluation of the success of Toyota Company shows that it has really expanded various markets worldwide. This has enabled it to reach a very wide scope of customers. Evaluation on the success of Toyota Company shows that it has really opened up so many outlets all over the world including Africa. This has helped customers to easily access Toyota products unlike before. That is why this Company is really enjoying the booming success. (Dr. Shoichiro 2006) Planning is very important in any organization. This is because it helps the organization to easily replace personnel who get promotions or those who get transfers. This is because organizations nowadays carry out management development on all the leaders and managers in an organization. This helps an organization to have a pool of qualified personnel. It also helps an organization to carry out technological advancement. This is because the organization’s personnel are qualified and quite updated in the current technology. (www. onesixsigma. com) Key Processes  The system was founded between the years 1948 and the year 1975 which at the moment referred to as â€Å"Just in Time production† it was regarded as a house like design through which most of its workers once they are recruited they first of all get trained first before they start working in the company this actually shows how committed Toyota is in implementing a good performance oriented workforce, in this case we find that after an employee is trained and found to be successful then he is promoted with an ambition of meeting the expected company standards that are set. From the Toyota Production we find that the Managers can use this to identify the training goals. A manager needs to review his employee’s skills and the areas that they need to improve. These needs in the managerial skills will help in making goals. To find out this, the manager needs to asses the workforce and through this he can know what they are able to do and what they can’t do. Therefore the manager cannot just do this by himself. He needs assistance from other people. They can assist in reviewing his performance. Such people include the supervisors. These people can give invaluable information on the areas that need to be improved and give insight on the behaviors exhibited at work. During the planning the manager needs to consider the training programs that are being offered. The manager needs to carry out plan implementation. After that the manager needs to evaluate himself if he achieved his goals. The TPS also ensures that there is a minimal wastage of resources in the company, since the company regards wastage of resources as a result of de-motivation to its employees. Any organization that carries out management development usually experiences an increase in its productivity. When the personnel in an organization get skills in management there will be an increase in production. (www. onesixsigma. com) The founders of the Toyota production system had an ambition of eliminating the burdens which was referred to as the â€Å"muri†, also to curb the inconsistency referred to as the â€Å"mura† and the other reason for establishing the system is avoid wastage which was referred to as â€Å"muda† therefore we find that the company using the system has therefore discovered on how to reduce factors leading to wastage in the production of the firm. (www. onesixsigma. com) This has led to a better decision making in the firm whereby the system defines that better results are always founded on the right process of production whereby the companies are always urged to come up with a continuous flow of communication in order to indicate the threats of the company, we also find that the company encourages the use of the pull system which is directed towards the avoidance of overproduction, the other way that will enable a company to achieve its goals is to have a levelised workload whereby the employees are allowed to work at a lower speed in order to have better production results rather than working with a high speed to give poor results. In figure one, we find that the diagram has indicated that the company operates in two ways the Jidoka and the Just on Time processes whose goal is to enable a high quality production at a lower cost and within the shortest time limit. Here we find the company actually deals with the reduction of the cost of its products and also on the improvement of the quality of its products. Research indicates that Toyota is in a position of producing one vehicle in every six seconds which results into a total of six million vehicles per year, we also find that the company does not employ people who are given the responsibility but the members themselves report to be disciplined in a manner that they always clean their own offices, this policy has been found to be successful in ensuring that the workers report to their working areas with aim of improving their productivity. Key Learnings Management development is very beneficial to organizations. Many organizations that have embraced this usually have efficient and effective personnel. This improves the productivity hence leading to financial gains. The managers are skilled and will deal with issues that can cause losses efficiently. Figure two below indicating the ways Toyota puts together it production process, the company is reported to be successful as a result of encouraging its employees to work together as a team Whereby in terms of staffing, we find that the Toyota company actually employs more than 4,000 workers each day who are always provided with a number of two working shifts, in this company we find that the employees work in terms of teams, under which each team is made of a minimum of four to six employees, research also indicates that eight teams in the company make a whole group which is therefore provided with a team leader. Under the management in the organization we find that the company improves the performance of their workers through a better paying system which research indicates that every member in the team is paid at least ? 7,000 including this is inclusive of shift and overtime premium, they are also provided with a private healthcare. (www. onesixsigma. com) Where also find that there exist the policies of continuous improvement which is the company terms it as Kaizen action meetings which are regarded as circles of quality whereby the member staffs are involved in the improvement of the performance of the employees. This is well encouraged where the company is found to be offering Kaizen prizes after every six months. in the meetings a manager managing a team of twenty five groups is given an opportunity of deciding which group manager is the best after which all the managers in the company decides which group manager is the best to win the presentation. Then the two of the managers are given a chance to travel to Japan for a kaizen conference and give the story about their performance. For all these reasons we find that this Kaizen is used a way of improving the employees performance in the Toyota company and therefore the other companies planning to be as successful as Toyota one needs to implement the same policy in his or her organization. (www. onesixsigma. com) When evaluating the success in this Company, one can’t fail to notice the improved marketing strategies that have been incorporated therein. The company carried out outsourcing of experts who carried out market research on the target customers of this nation. The Company was therefore in a position to strategize so that it could overthrow the previous automobile manufacturer-General Motors. Marketing strategies were put in place to target the affluent customers all over the world. This played a big role in the success of Toyota Company. These marketing strategies included participating in sports. Toyota Company vehicles were used in motor spots and this actually marketed the vehicles. The Super 2000 Corolla and Peugeot were won in motors spots that were carried out late in the year 2007. (Toyoda, 2005) Toyota Company has had various acquisitions which influenced its success. It acquired 8. 7% of Fuji Industries. This Company is the manufacturer of Subaru vehicles. Toyota Company also acquired 5. 9% of Isuzu Motors. These strategies highly influenced the success of Toyota Company in the year 2007. This made Toyota Company to overtake General Motors. Toyota Company really strategized and incorporated new technologies in its manufacturing system. These technologies include an advanced parking guidance system and automatic power buttons. This resulted in the manufacture of hybrid gas-electric vehicle. This was produced in very large numbers. This hybrid gas-electric vehicle is sold at one million all over the world. This played a big role in the entire success of Toyota Company. (Dr. Shoichiro 2006) Evaluation of the success of Toyota Company shows that one of the factors that influenced its overall success in the year 2007 is branding. This company manufactures a wide variety of brands. This gives customers a wide variety of vehicles to choose from this Company. These brands include Lexus GS, Toyota Camry, Toyota 4Runner, Toyota Tundra, Toyota Land Cruiser, Toyota Prius etc. This has also played a big role in the success of Toyota Company. Surveys carried out on Toyota Company products show a great improvement on the quality of its products. This influenced the general success of this Company until it overtook the previous world leader- General Motors Company. It brands are actually preferred by customers because of quality and durability. Toyota produced Lexus and Scion automobiles which ranked top in reliability and quality surveys. They also ranked best according to various consumer reports. According to the annual report of Toyota Company 2007, there was much incorporation of team work which greatly influenced the success of Toyota Company. This Company has a large market share in United States and Asia. (Wooly, 2006) Conclusion According to the annual report in Toyota Company, approximately 4. 72 million vehicles were sold by the first half of the year 2007. This ended seventy six year reign of General Motors Company. Evaluation of the success of Toyota Company’s success in the year 2007 shows that this company incorporated various strategies that played a big role in its success. These included outsourcing of experts, incorporation of new marketing strategies and opening up of very many outlets all over the world. Branding aspect in this Company was well used by the marketing experts and this is how Toyota Company managed to overthrow the previous world leading manufacturer – General Motors Company. The market share for Toyota Company in United States of America is enviable. This Company currently has the challenge of maintaining its leadership role in the automobile industry.

Shock Advertising: Effects On Students

Shock Advertising: Effects On Students Consumers can be exposed to over 3000 advertisements per day (Lasn,1999). So marketers constantly look for a way to be recognised ahead of their competitors and break through the clutter (dahl et al 2003) One of the ways in which marketers do this is through shock advertising. A technique that has caused some controversy in recent years. Dahl 2003 states Shock messages are used in a bid to draw attention to an advertisement with the expectation that further processing will take place. It has been heavily adapted by charities and the government who promote anti-drink driving, and anti-drug campaigns. It is used it order to shock and scare the public creating surprise. It is this surprise that enables the individual to want to process the given information more clearly, in order to make a decision, resulting in action. (Dahl 2003) The aim of shock advertising is to influence peoples attitudes and behaviour. However this might always be the case when exposed to shock advertising. Some people have lower expectations of social norms, and may process shock advertising in a more negative way than people with higher expectations of social norms. This is known as the process of norm violation Dahl, 2003, p268) The main goals of this dissertation are to evaluate these norms and how they are processed by students in relation to attitudes and behaviour through being exposed to shock advertising. Previous research has shown that advert using shock are more effective at creating attention than other tatics (fear, information). It is this that has driven me to conduct this dissertation to conclude if that given attention actually results in a change in attitude or behavioural. This is something that has always been critiqued. Literature review A crucial element of all research degrees is the review of relevant literature. So important is this chapter that its omission represents a void or absence of all major elements in research (Afolabi 1992, 59-66) The use of Shock advertising has been used in order to create a change in a consumers attitude or behaviour. The purpose of this literature review is to process and evaluate previous academic journals, literature and media to elaborate upon and facilitate that statement. The literature review consists of models evaluating how attitudes can be formed, using the Hierarchy of effects AIDA model to define the attitude forming process, then using this process to determine how these attitudes are then changed. Attitudes An attitude is a lasting, general evaluation of people (including one self) objects, advertisements or issues. We call anything toward which one has an attitude an attitude object (Solomon et al 2006, p234) Ones attitude can affect their perception of different brands, products or advertisements. Bohner 2002 p5 states Attitudes may emphasise affective, behavioural and cognitive responses. This is something that advertisers may take into account as they can manipulate peoples emotions and reactions through the use of fear in advertising. Solomon 2006 p288 Fear appeals emphasize the negative consequences that can occur unless the consumer changes a behaviour or an attitude this thought process can give advertisers a way in which to target different demographics with chosen shock tactics. Tactics which must be relevant to the product. This can be seen to be used in many different ways as advertisers will use this process to aim at getting a consumer to make a purchase or identify a brand which creates an emotion whereas the government will use techniques of warning the public about the harms of smoking etc. Bohner 2002 p123 describes their message, learning approach to persuasion. Bohner continues to describe this approach as an approach that does not represent a unitary theory; rather it can be understood as an eclectic set of working assumptions, influenced by learning theory and other contemporary theoretical perspectives. The components of this theory evaluated the learning and recall of message content mediating attitude change. This persuasion process is one heavily taken upon the use of shock in advertising. Attitudes are an important factor and advertisers must first be able to evaluate and identify an attitude components before attempting to influence one (Kotler 1996 p721) Attitudes and components models. Most researchers agree that an attitude has three components; affect, behaviour and cognition (Solomon 2008, p237). Also referred to as the ABC model of attitudes; Affect refers to the way a consumer feels about an attitude object. Behaviour which involves the persons intentions to o something with regard to an attitude object which may not result in actual behaviour and Cognition; Refers to the beliefs a consumers has about an attitude object. All three components of an attitude are important, but their relative importance will vary depending on a consumers level of motivation with regard to the attitude object (Solomon). Neal states these objects to which consumers react, are evaluated in context of a specific situation, a consumers reaction to an object may change as the situation changed. A key component in this process as we can see clearly is Attitude change. Without a consistency in attitude towards an object a marketer can find it difficult to clearly target a certain demographic so the using attitudes to predict behaviour must be exercised a clear message is being presented to the consumer. Marketers do this through the use of Multiattribute models which i will discuss further in this chapter. These three components must be taken into account in regards to advertising. Solomon 2006 p240 Our evaluation of a product can be determined solely by our appraisal of how its depicted in marketing communications. Fish bein model Gordon Allport Attitudes are learned predispositions to respond to an object The fishbein model can be considered as very important when considering attitude. Fish beins model measures three components of attitude (Solomon 2008,p250); Salient beliefs people have about an object Object-attribute linkages or the possibility that a particular object has an important attribute. Evaluation of each of the important attributes., The consumer will rate each attribute for all brands involved, evaluating the importance of the rating for that attribute (Schiffman 2008) Marketing can take advantages from this model as when firms launch or re-launch products ., adverts can be used as a platform to depict new attributes or re-invented attributes held by a product to appeal to consumers as their attitudes are evaluated on such attributes (Solomon, 2008) Hierarchy of effects. The hierarchy of effects models has become the foundation for objective setting and measurement of advertising effects in many companies. (Belch and Belch p148). Solomons critique of this model is seen as she states a persons attitude doesnt predict their behaviour (Solomon, 2008 p300). The model shows the process by which advertising works; It assumes a consumer passes through steps in a sequential order from initial awareness of a product to actual purchase. Components of the hierarchy of effects framework show how consumers respond to advertising in a set and preconcepted manner. Cognitively first (thinking) affectively secondly (feeling) and cognitively thirdly (doing) (Solomon 2008) as seen in the AIDA model (figurehttp://139.132.1.7/ausweb02/Figure_1.gif 1) The most well known model is AIDA (attention-interest-desire-action) MORE INFO QUOTES. In this model it is theorized that advertisers must attract attention (cognition) maintain interest and create desire (affect) which will all result in an action (conation) . (Fill 2005). Understanding the hierarchy of effects in relation to product and audience will give advertisers information on which level of shock to incorporate in their campaign. Through studying literature, The hierarchy of effects can e seen to be important to advertisers as it is consistently used by theorists as an effective and appropriate way of identifying concepts which need to be addressed. However an issue with this model can be seen in the difficulty of deciding where a stage ends and where another begins. Peterson et al (1986) 1.5 Fear appeals and their effectiveness. Fear appeals emphasize the negative consequences that can occur unless the consumer changes a behaviour or an attitude (Solomon p288) Does it work? Fear can cause tension within people which in return causes people to reduce this tension. Since the way people respond to fear is learned, marketers often rely on such appeals to stimulate interest in products or services. In its simplest form, the process consists of three steps. The first involves the creation of a fearful situation designed to activate a persons sense of risk and vulnerability. Marketers have been quite inventive in using the fear appeal. Examples include anti smoking EXAMPLES OF ADVERTS, MORE EXAMPLES ETC. in this regard Fear is a primitive instinct which can occasionally guide and activate human behavior. It creates anxiety and tension, causing people to seek ways to reduce these feelings. Since the way people respond to fear is learned, marketers often rely on such appeals to stimulate interest in products or services. In its simplest form, the process consists of three steps. The first involves the creation of a fearful situation designed to activate a persons sense of risk and vulnerability. Marketers have been quite inventive in using the fear appeal in this regard. Examples include attempts at inducing people to buy insurance policies of different types, travelers checks, and birth control products, as illustrated in Table 1. In politics, the fear motive has been widely used to persuade the undecided by depicting abuse by other parties or candidates and the danger associated with their views or policies. It has also been used to marshal public support for efforts to curtail communism. More recently in the United States, Canada, and Europe, the fear appeal has been stressed as a focal point in educating the public concerning preventive measures to combat the AIDS epidemic. Despite differences in the objectives behind each message, these appeals highlight a fearful situation that is likely to affect the recipients physical or social self. In the second phase of employing the fear appeal, the danger is depicted to be serious enough to warrant attention. Politicians, for example, warn repeatedly against the rise of neo-Nazi groups, comparing their ideology to that of the fascists who committed crimes against humanity during the Second World War. In a like fashion, marketers appeal to their potential targets by suggesting their vulnerability to the risk emphasized in the message. Such is often the case with life insurance ads that stress the traumatic consequences of the breadwinners death. Of course, ones response depends on his or her subjective assessments of the risk and its consequences. In the third phase, a solution is provided as a means of fear reduction. The appeal is often coupled with assurances of security from fear in order to entice potential customers to pursue the suggested action. For example, buying a life insurance policy may be depicted as providing a relief of worry about financially destitute survivors. Two questions deserve attention before the practical ramifications of using fear appeals are appraised. First, how do models of the fear appeal process work? Second, are fear appeals effective? In the following sections we shall address these Belief that fear appeals create anxiety and tension, thus stimulating certain defensive mechanisms. Interest is reaching customers and increasing their demand for the product may justify using fear appeals. 1.6 Cognitive dissonance. Cognitive dissonance is predicated upon that each individual strives towards consistency amongst his opinions, attitudes and values (Makin, 1974 p143) Additionally, we all strive towards a consistency amongst our psychological attributes and behaviour that stems from them (Solomon REF). This need for consistency can create conflict when choosing between two alternatives. However Solomon states this conflict may be resolved through a process of cognitive dissonance reduction, where people are motivated to reduce this inconsistency (or dissonance) and thus eliminate unpleasant tension. Festinger (1957) suggests that peoples motivation to reduce the unpleasant side effects of inconsistency often produces attitude change. Festinger l 1957 a theory of cog diss Stanford university press; Stanford. This dissonance in question can be created through shock advertising in surprise or fear appeals which in turn can create cognitive activity. Makin p504 states Cognitive activity relates to a knowledge and awareness dimension of consumer behaviour again resulting in dissonance if the opinions or vales clash. 1.7 Persuasion The ultimate goal of persuasive communication is to change a receivers behaviour (Bettinghaus and Cody p7 YEAR) Changing these behaviours is a very difficult task as some have become habits, such as smoking which the government has tried to change perception of through shock advertising which i will discuss in this section. Marketers employ many different techniques in the use of persuasion in adverts including different mechanisms of delivering content, messages, the source/media its delivered by and the way it is perceived by the recipient. One approach to utilise these elements has been developed by petty and caioppo (1983) in the ELM MODEL, The elm model explains how cognitive processing persuasion and attitude can occur when different levels of involvement are present. Elaboration Likelihood model; The elm addresses the attitudes of individuals. Attitudes are considered to be enduring evaluations of objects, issues or persons that often guide behaviour ( Petty et al 1991) Marketers have looked to theories for decades to predict how to effect attitude change. The most influential of these theories is the Elaboration Likelihood model, which is bases on assumptions that people will consider, or process persuasive communications. Marketing practitioners have treated the theory of positive attitudes leading to positive behaviour as a marker of how to advertise. A persuasive communication is one that aims to change individuals attitudes towards an object in the view to forming useful attitudes Attitudes are useful when they improve an individuals ability to function in his or her environment (Petty et al 91). The ELM considers two routes in which individuals process persuasive communication. The 1st in central processing route. This route requires a high level of motivation from the individual. For the central route to be processed in an individual, the actual ability to process core elements of the persuasive message is needed. An individual that uses this central route will consider the information in the message to a higher and clearer degree whilst attempting to form a useful attitude (Petty and Cappioppo 1986). The 2nd route is the peripheral route. Which was described by Petty as a route in which individuals using cues imbedded in the message as input for simple heuristic decision rules. Counter to the central route, individuals involved in the peripheral route will not consider the core message as deeply. They will also form an attitude bases on the contextual elements based within the message. Attitudes that are formed within this route tend to be less resistant and less predictive of behaviour than their centrally processed counterparts ( Hangtvedt and petty, 1992, petty et al 1991). As the central route is associated worth being more positive it can be seen to be in a marketers interests to use the ELM model in order to firstly identify the factors that in turn can determine the route of an individual when forming attitudes in relation to message. This is done so a marketer can then predict what message to incorporate into their campaign, creating interest and action. There are two factors that can influence an individuals processing route; Motivation; Individuals ability to process core messages of persuasive communication deeply. In this section i will focus on the motivational charges towards peoples communication routes http://kaiwright.typepad.com/.a/6a0115705777c6970b01156ff4724a970c-800wi Motivation has two main drivers; Personnel relevance PR of the attitude object to the individual; An individual will be more motivated to use central route if attitude object is important and thereby will have personnel relevance. (Cacioppo et al., 1984) For example here, a person may be highly encouraged to stop smoking when an anti-smoking campaign shows a family without a mother, father, sister, brother due to illness caused solely by smoking. This is because adverts which display facts and rational arguments can be more highly processed by a consumer rather than an advert exposing emotional appeals. Rational Vrs Emotional appeals (see section 4) Intrinsic; Individuals inherent tendency to process the core message and persons enjoyment of cognitive processing is known as individuals need for cognition (nc) Cacioppo et al 1984) These two factors can determine whether an individual will rely on central o periphal routes. Personal relevance determines whether the consumer perceives the object to be instrumental in realizing goals and fulfilling values (Petty et al., 1981) The elm addresses the attitudes of individuals. Attitudes are considered to be enduring evaluations of objects, issues or persons that often guide behaviour ( Petty et al 1991) Marketers have looked to theories for decades to predict how to effect attitude change. The most influential of these theories is the Elaboration Likelihood model, which is bases on assumptions that people will consider, or process persuasive coomunications. Source Credibility; Solomon refers to the perceived expertise, objectivity, or trustworthiness of a souce. Acoording to Solomon, source credibility Rational Verus emotional Shock Advertising Venkat and abi-hanna (1955;22) shock advertising is generally regarded as one that deliberately rather than inadvertently, startles and offends its audience. Consumers can be exposed to over 3000 advertisements per day (Lasn,1999). So how do marketers get their advertisements noticed within this advertising clutter? The answer for many is shock. Dahl points out that many opinions vary over whether shock advertising is useful, a legitimate creative technique (Shannon 1995) or a gratuitous attention-grabbing gimmick (Horovitz 1992). The main theory behind shock advertising is that these shock messages will be used in a bid to draw attention to an advertisement with the expectation that further processing will take place. (Solomon 2003:268) Venkat and abi-hanna (1955;22) shock advertising is generally regarded as one that deliberately rather than inadvertently, startles and offends its audience. It is these tactics which are used to gain attention from the public, encouraging cognitive processing, resulting in a change of behaviour. This is particularly used in public service announcements which sees the government offer a stern and rational approach to shock adveritisng aiming towards this mentioned change of behaviour e.g. drinking and driving EXAMPLES HERE. These campaigns have also been the subject of public scrutiny (Eisner, 2001) A recent adverts for.. Was critizied for its shocking nature. However a spokesman for defended the advert, arguing that without the shock tatics used within the advertisements people would lapse into acceptence of abuse. The level of shock derives from the range of acceptable behaviours defined by norms, which is then used to evaluate objects, persons, actions, and ideas (Sherif Sherif, 1969) Advertising can be evaluated by norms. It can then be considered shocking or offensive when its content breaches these norms: decency, good taste, aesthetic propriety, and/or personal moral standards (Day 1991). EXAMPLES; BENNETON? As Vagnoni, 1999 states Advertisers typically justify shock appeals in advertising for their ability to appeal in advertising for their ability to (break) through the clutter Solomon 2002 p269 After attention, according to information processing models, shocking stimuli should facilitate message comprehension and elaboration, enhancing message retention, and influence behaviour. This figure shows the reader how after exposure to an advertisement the individual will process the information involving a cognitive appraisal that determines whether the advert violates a social and/or personal norm. Surprise is caused when this information contradicts an individuals established expectations (Stienmeier, 1995). Dahl states that surprise encourages further cognitive activity as individuals seek to understand the source of their surprise. Pyszczynski and Greenberg 1981, p37 Individuals engage in higher levels of attributional thought for unexpected surprise compared to expected events. It is then assumed that shocking advertising is more effective when promoting appropriate behaviour than more functional advertisements which have less success at moving people through the stages of information processing. (Solomon 2003) In order to test for effects on advertising attention, recall and recognition, Dahl conducted two experiments on students. The first deployed three different advertising appeals. Fear/Shock/information On a HIV/AIDS campaign. This campaign was chosen as health organisations have a history of using shock value messages to combat ambivalence towards this particular disease (Schlossberg, 1991). The experiment was aimed at students as they were a realistic target market for HIV/AIDS prevention initiatives. One-hundred and five students participated. Subjects ages ranged from 18-27 and they were randomly assigned to one of the three experimental condition and run individually. The study focussed on recall, recognition, and the processing of three experimental advertisements. As expected from our previous research a higher percentage of participants using the shock advertisement chose the experimental advertisement. From data collected, the researcher was able to state that participants said the shock advertisement outdated social norms vacillating Dahls claims that shock advertising content is superior to non-shocking content in its ability to attract attention and facilitate memory for the advertisement. The 2nd experiment was aimed towards finding out how these shocking advertisements after attracting attention would impact on subsequent behaviour. The researcher directed subjects towards a table in the reception area on which were different items. These items were related to the 1st experiment and was various leaflets and objects relating to HIV/AIDS, MENTAL HEALTH, DRUGS. The participants were then told they could take some of the leaflets home and keep. The researcher then left the room in order to let the participants be alone. Then came back and counted what had been taken. Results showed Dahl Dichter (1996) talks about how shock advertising also benefits from word of mouth communication, as the adverts provoke advertisement related conversation. 4.0 Methodology; Introduction The analysis of shock advertising and its effects on attitudes, including the literature review, has given clear and precise factors which can affect individuals behaviour when exposed to shock advertising. The key factors including; shall now be the main elements in the empirical research. The methodology refers to the theory of how the research should be undertaken (Saunders et al 2007, p3) This methodology evaluates the various stages of how the researcher gathered their data .The research methods that were used in this dissertation have been primary (focus groups) secondary (Literature review) and analysis. 4.1 Aim To prove whether shock advertising can change the attitudes of consumers towards brands or actions. 4.1.2 Objectives To gain a clearer understanding of what shock advertising is. To investigate how people form attitudes. To explore how people use these attitudes in relation to brands and adverts. To evaluate if shock advertising can alter these attitudes and behaviours. 4.1.3 Research onion Saunders et al (2003) explained how to use the research onion to adapt to the different research methods that were available. Saunders explains that before coming to a central point of research we must first peel away important layers of the onion. Once you have peeled away these layers you will be able to determine which research methods are most suitable for your study. http://www.ivoryresearch.com/images/figure61.jpg 4.2 Research Philosophy; According to Saunders et al 2006 p84 the research philosophy depends on the way that you think about the development of knowledge. There are two philosophical views that can show the researcher how knowledge can be developed; Positivism and interpretivism as Jankowicz (20005, p106 an interrogation of this kind is very valuable, since it prompts you to think harder about where you are heading and how you intend to get there. It actually involves an examination of three fundamentals; your ontology, your epistemology, and your under lying vales. By evaluating and understanding your research philosophy you can then choose informed and relative methodologies to use in your research ensuring results that will be valid and authentic. Epistemology Or Onology; Epistemology approach has been conducted as it concerns what constitutes as acceptable knowledge in a field of study (Saunders, 2007 p108) The focus of epistemology is knowledge as Gray 2004:16 states It provides a philosophical background for deciding what kinds of knowledge are legitimate and adequate. This can be compared to Ontology which is involved in the nature of reality (Saunders et al 2007 p108). ANOTHER QOUTE ON ONOLOGY As the research needs to gather evidence to evaluate throughout the investigation an epistemological philosophy have been adapted. The researcher also must record and examine data relating to the participants attitudes which will be allowed to gather in a more efficient form whilst using an epistemological philosophy. This philosophy is opposed to an ontology approach which can be seen to come secondary as it is more of an understanding of why things happen. Ontology, epistemology and methodology According to Remenyl et al (1998) Ontology, epistemology and methodology Remenyi d Williams b 98, doing research in business and managemtn an introduction to process and method. London sage. Can be defined as below; Ontolgy; the reality. 1.Objectivism; bryman and bell 2.Constructionism; Epistemology; the relationship between the reality and the researcher Positivsm; Remenyi The paradigm sees the researcher as an objective analyst and interptreter of a tangible society. Povitism is the assumption that the researcher is indepdent of and neither affects nor is affected by the subject of research. This leads to the fact that independant causes lead to observed effects. Remenyi 1998;33) Positivism emphasises quantifiable observations that lend themselves to statistical analysis. The positivist researcher gains quantitative results in which they generalise and draw conclusions A key tenet of the positivist is the reductionist approach that is taken. In order to gain an understanding in to how the variables concerned are behaving, simplifacations of the real world which may exist to the variable are stripped down, often leading to biasing factors being left out. This means the research has to be replicated a number of times in order to be accurately generalisable. Phenomenology In contrast to the posivist approach is the phenomenology approach to research. According to cohen and manion (1987) phenomenology is a theoretical point of view that advocates the study of direct experience rather than by external, objective and physically described reality. The researcher is not independent of what is being researched but a fundamental part of it, remenyi 98) Primary research; By relating back to my objectives via the research matrix, i was able to conclude that the use of focus groups would be the best way in which to gather the needed information. This primary research will be used throughout the dissertation validating and presenting the vital information I need in order to reach a fully informed and detailed conclusion. Focus Groups; According to Saunders et al (2003 p270) a focus group is a Group interview, composed of a small number of participants, facilitated by a moderator, in which discussion is focused on aspects of a given theme or topic. The focus group was time consuming and was difficult to annotate properly, however, the findings and data conceived and recorded within the focus group were vital towards the process of finding a conclusion. Hussey and hussy (1997,p155) states Focus groups are primarily associated with phenomenological methodology and are used to gather data relating to the feelings and opinions of a group of people who are involved in a common situation This statement led me to use focus groups as the primary objective was to find out individuals feelings and opinions towards shock advertising. To fully research how shock advertising can alter an individuals attitude i used two separate focus groups. The first focus group consisted of 4 males aged between 18 and 24. The second focus group consisted of 4 females aged between 18 and 24. These participants can be found in appendix along with other information including age, and educational status. Questions for the focus group were formulated by using the literature review. This qualative research will allow for increasing precision in the collection of data.(Saunders et al 2003) Focus Group Structure The groups were conducted in a quiet environment, and each participant was briefed clearly on the reasons behind the focus group. The use of focus groups are more efficient than questionnaires as in a focus group the participants can interact with each others statements, coming to conclusions and highlighting specific important outco