Code of Ethics for Government Officials and Employees

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6713 Code of Ethics for Government Officials and Employees AN ACT establishing a Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for public officials and employees, to uphold the time-honored principle of public office being a public trust, granting incentives and rewards for exemplary service, enumerating prohibited acts and transactions and providing penalties for violations thereof and for other purposes Sec. 1. Title. This Act shall be known as the â€Å"Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees.† Sec. 2. Declaration of Policies. It is the policy of the State to promote a high standard of ethics in public service. Public officials and employees shall at all times be accountable to the people and†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ (b) Professionalism - Public officials and employees shall perform and discharge their duties with the highest degree of excellence, professionalism, intelligence and skill. They shall enter public service with utmost devotion and dedication to duty. They shall endeavor to discourage wrong perceptions of their roles as dispensers or peddlers of undue patronage. †¢ (c) Justness and sincerity - Public officials and employees shall remain true to the people at all times. They must act with justness and sincerity and shall not discriminate against anyone, especially the poor and the underprivileged. They shall at all times respect the rights of others, and shall refrain from doing acts contrary to law, good morals, good customs, public policy, public order, public safety and public interest. They shall not dispense or extend undue favors on account of their office to their relatives whether by consaguinity or affinity except with respect to appointments of such relatives to positions considered strictly confidential or as members of their personal staff whose terms are coterminous with theirs. †¢ (d) ) Political neutrality - Public officials and employees shall provide service to everyone without unfair discrimination and regardless of party affiliation or preference. †¢ (e) Responsiveness to the public - Public officialsShow MoreRelatedEthics and Accountability in the Philippine Public Service: Role of Citizens, Public Officials, Private Sector and Civil Society1180 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Ethics and Accountability in the Philippine Public Service: Role of Citizens, Public Officials, Private Sector and Civil Society In my previous paper, I mentioned that values are as important in our government system as the other functions and political processes are. Unit VI discussed how crucial and vital ethics and accountability is in our government. It also talks about the significance of our own moral code, seeing that public ethics are part of the overall value system, and is cultureRead MoreEthics and Accountability in the Philippine Public Service: Role of Citizens, Public Officials, Private Sector and Civil Society1172 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Ethics and Accountability in the Philippine Public Service: Role of Citizens, Public Officials, Private Sector and Civil Society In my previous paper, I mentioned that values are as important in our government system as the other functions and political processes are. Unit VI discussed how crucial and vital ethics and accountability is in our government. It also talks about the significance of our own moral code, seeing that public ethics are part of the overall value system, and is cultureRead MoreEthical Challenges Faced By Ibm1010 Words   |  5 Pagesbut also for their employees. Over the years this company has faced some various ethical problems. Bribery is a very common business ethic faced in IBM. In the past, IBM employees have bribed South Korean and Chinese officials to win contracts so that such actions would be seen as unethical to managers. Additionally the managers are not allowed to corrupt foreign officials to win their cooperation because it is against the global business ethics. Moreover, the foreign officials that IBM encountersRead MoreStudying Right and Wrong Behavior in Society1385 Words   |  5 PagesEthics is the study of right and wrong behavior in a society. In every professional field, there are codes of conduct that govern the actions of those in the field. It is a noble idea to police and oversee codes of ethics. The crisis lies with the individual who chooses not to pursue the code. There are people who are careless about the consequences of their actions by purely living for the moment, and if jail time cannot discourage them from their deed, a code of conduct will be deemed useless.Read MoreEssay about Est1 Task 2939 Words   |  4 PagesETHICS PROGRAM A. Code of Ethics 1. Dealings with Government Officials It is policy of the company to comply fully with all state and federal laws and regulations. The behavior of every employee is required to signal the company’s desire to conduct relations with government officials and agencies in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. 2. Gifts and Payments Company employees must be careful that their conduct cannot rationally be construedRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics Don t Require Formal Punishment1493 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Ethics are a vital part of our everyday lives, even in the field of public officials. There always a time in someone life where their face with a decision they feel is right or wrong, but they have to what they feel is appropriate for the public as a whole. A personal ethics statement demonstrates the values and expectations of the duties of public officials. The codes of ethics don’t require formal punishment but more of the fear of the organization falling apart. Which insinuatesRead MoreGlobal Code Of Ethics : Ethics1407 Words   |  6 Pages Global Code of Ethics Sherry D. Martin Patten University Global Code of Ethics A global Code of Ethics has been established at [Company Name] to encourage conformity with behaviors that reflect high ethical standards. The following code must be adhered to within all levels of [Company Name] and should be used as a guide for helping you act appropriately. †¢ Act with integrity ïÆ'Ëœ Doing the right thing must be at the forefront of all business decisions. Integrity refers to ethicalRead MoreEssay about Business Ethics1439 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is ethics? Ethics can be defined as a set of principles used by an individual to govern his or her decisions in an effort to ensure fairness and equality. Business ethics, as defined by the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is the applied ethics discipline that addresses the moral features of commercial activity. The same source also gives a history of business ethics which states that the concept as an academic principle is relatively young-only about forty years old; but in general is asRead MoreEnrons Business Ethics Failure1485 Words   |  6 Pages..............7 5. Bibliography ......................................................................................8 1. Overview The goal of this report is to analyze business ethics in the context of the Enron scandal. Enron scandal became a classical example of how a major disregard for ethics and law occurred. It becomes obvious that the institution of business education has not paid a sufficient amount of attention in ethical guidance in executive management, before Enrons bankruptcyRead More How Does the Public Sector Work? Essay1683 Words   |  7 PagesIf you dont understand how the public sector is supposed to work, how can you ensure that it is working? An easy definition of public administration is, â€Å"the implementation of government policies† (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2010), or, â€Å"the implementation of public policy† (Infoplease.com, 1997). While policies and procedures seem to be continuously up for debate, it should be noted that, an informed public are the only sure-fire way to ensure that the public sector stays on track with meeting the

The National Anthem Essay - 2212 Words

Before every National Football League game, the national anthem reverberates throughout the colossal stadiums. Spectators rise from their seats, nod rhythmically, and when the tune finishes, they get raucous. However, Colin Kaepernick, a quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers, shattered this ritual two months ago. Before their season opener, Kaepernick elected to remain seated for the national anthem. Importantly, it took three successive weeks of him doing this for anyone to notice his silent protest. However, when audiences did notice, every form of media exploded with a myriad of headlines and opinions on the situation. With the nation impatiently waiting for answers, Kaepernick asserted that standing for the anthem implied that he was proud of the country, and since our country oppresses black people, he could no longer be proud of it, and therefore refused to stand. Although that sentiment resonated with many, for every Kaepernick supporter, there seemed to be an equal number t hat were vehemently opposed. Some members of the opposing faction hurled horrific racial slurs and other venomous words at Kaepernick in an effort to degrade him, while others respectfully said that he should focus on football, and if he were so inclined to protest social issues, he could do so on a different platform. It’s important to note, though, that Kaepernick’s silent form of protest and the subsequent reaction isn’t new. In no way should that belittle his actions, but protestingShow MoreRelatedThe National Anthem Essay1703 Words   |  7 PagesIn August of 2016, Kaepernick began his protest during a NFL preseason game where he initially sat during the singing of the national anthem. At the time, his rebellious efforts became unnoticed, but he soon enough made headlines when someone took a photo of him sitting during the anthem. Thus a social issue was born from the public’s reaction from the photo.The negativity of the public’s reaction st emmed from the norm that it is customary that people raise their right hand over their heart whileRead MoreThe National Anthem Essay1809 Words   |  8 PagesRecently, many athletes have chosen to take a stand to speak against the injustices of this world. Some are raising their hands to signify black power and unity while others are kneeling and refusing to stand during the singing of the national anthem. The athletes feel it is important to take a stand because of the killings which have taken place over the past few years between law enforcement and people of color. As a result of the recent killings people are protesting because they want justiceRead MoreThe National Anthem Of Peru Essay1627 Words   |  7 Pages28th of July, every year, Peru celebrates its national declaration of independence’s day from Spain in 1821. This holiday is known as â€Å"Fiestas Patrias†. During this day, the national anthem is played for the country. The national anthem is really im portant for the Peruvians. Reformers tried to change it many times but it always came back to the original one. This song represents many aspects of Peruvian culture and history. The music part of the anthem, made by Josà © Bernardo Alcedo, was chosen betweenRead MoreThe Rights Of The National Anthem1257 Words   |  6 Pagesof the free, and the home of the brave† the remarkable final words of our nation’s anthem. There has been recent controversy about football players, and many other athletes kneeling during the â€Å"Star Spangled Banner† to protest against the tragedies happening in America day after day. The First Amendment gives these athletes the privilege to express those rights by kneeling. People should stand for the national anthem because it is a sign of respect and appreciation for our country. On August 14thRead MoreA Timeline Of The National Anthem1655 Words   |  7 Pages1927, the Lebanese National Anthem was created. This French mandate help ed Lebanon by acting as a support, until the country could govern on its own. It was written by Rashid Nakhle and composed by Wadih Sabra. This anthem does not have a specific name; the people usually call it â€Å"Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€ Ã˜ ´Ã™Å Ã˜ ¯ Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™Ë†Ã˜ ·Ã™â€ Ã™Å  Ø §Ã™â€žÃ™â€žÃ˜ ¨Ã™â€ Ã˜ §Ã™â€ Ã™Å Ã¢â‚¬ , which simply means â€Å"Lebanese National Anthem† in Arabic. This research paper will create a timeline of the history of Lebanon (Western Asia) and explain how the national anthem is linked to the historyRead MoreEssay On Kneeling And The National Anthem1401 Words   |  6 Pages Kneeling to the National Anthem On September 21st, Christine Brennan reported Colin Kaepernick’s refusal to stand while the national anthem was being played in National Public Radio’s (NPR) online portal (www.npr.org). All through the National Football League s preseason matches, Colin Kaepernick, a quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers, refused to stand for the national anthem. He clarified that he took this stance to point out what he sees as wrongdoings against African-Americans and differentRead MoreNational Anthem Persuasive Speech1159 Words   |  5 Pagesso they could get the flag on the field to do the national anthem. This is when tragic happens. This is when some NFL players kneel during the national anthem. Many people think that protesting the national anthem by kneeling is a bad thing. However, it’s what the players feel like doing even though it is a little disrespectful. Many players kneeled on one day and that was when president Trump made a comment about football. The national anthem pays respect to the people who have risked their livesRead MoreNational Anthem Persuasive Speech1161 Words   |  5 Pagesthey could get the flag on the field to do the national anthem. This is when something tragically happens. This is when some NFL players kneel during the national anthem. Many people think that protesting the national anthem by kneeling is a bad thing. However, it’s what the players feel like doing even though it is a little disrespectful. Many players kneeled on one day and that was when president Trump made a comment about football. The national anthem pays respect to the people who have risked theirRead MoreThe National Anthem By Colin Kaepernick1264 Words   |  6 PagesColin Kaepernick, a quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers, has created much controversy in the nation over his latest protest. During a preseason football game Kaepernick was photographed sitting during the national anthem (McKirdy). When asked about the action later, Kaepernick explained, â€Å"I am not going to stand up to show pride in a flag for a country that oppresses black people and people of color,† (Wyche). The nation exploded. Many showed their support for the quarterback, expressing prideRead MoreNotes On The Day Of The National Anthem980 Words   |  4 Pagespeople will just believe everything that we here on the news. Once we are educated thou we CNS better weed out truth from fiction. 3 â€Å"Should we stand to the national anthem at sporting events and why?† I think that it is truly your own opinion and that it also depends on why you chose to sit. I don’t think it is that important to stand for the anthem. I personally don’t see what the big deal with our obsession with our country is. Most Americans are overly patriotic if you ask me and we should all lighten

M1 Discuss the Nature Nurture Debate in Relation to the...

M1 - Discuss the nature-nurture debate in relation to the development of an individual The historical debate regarding nature and nurture has been going on for years and is still unresolved. Many theorists believe what we have inherited and our genes, makes us the way we are and how we develop. Other theorists believe it is the way we are brought up and our experiences, that make us the way we are and how we develop. Physical The way we look can be argued to be mainly due to nature. The genes we inherit from our parents make the basis of we look. For example, people often say ‘Don’t you look like your father/mother!’ Genetic inheritance can determine our eye colour, whether we have straight or curly hair or how tall we will be. We†¦show more content†¦Theorists argue over which plays more of an influence on our cognitive ability. Nativists believe our intelligence is pre-determined at birth from our genetic inheritance although it cannot be seen until the child becomes older, as babies are cognitively immature. This is maturation. Environmentalists do not believe this. They believe childrens intelligence is a result of what they have learned, from their interaction with the environment and at birth the human mind is a ‘blank state’ that experiences slowly fill. Environmentalists also believe that differences in are due to social class. Children in lower social classes are deprived of opportunities available to children in higher classes. â€Å"Several recent US studies have demonstrated improvements in childrens IQs by improving the lives of infants in disadvantaged circumstances.† www.wilderdom.com ‘The US military tested recruits to assign rank and found that black applicants scored lower than whites. However, analysis of the recruits were found to be due to educational differences; black recruits scored very low until the 1950s, when an increase in score corresponded to improved educational standards for all.’Show MoreRelatedDiscuss the Nature-Nurture Debate in Relation to Individual Development (M1)2187 Words   |  9 PagesDiscuss the nature-nurture debate in relation to individual development (M1) Evaluate the nature-nurture debate in relation to development of the individual (D1) Over the course of the last century one of the greatest debates in psychology concerns, the basis of behaviour, specifically whether behaviour is innate i.e. genetically controlled, or whether it is learnt through the socio-cultural environment. This is often referred to as the Nature vs. Nurture debate. There are two main arguments onRead MoreM1 AND D1 Development through life stages3017 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿Discuss the nature-nurture debate in relation to the development of the individual (M1) Evaluate how nature and nurture may affect the physical, intellectual, emotional and social development of two stages of the development of the individual (D1). Nature can be loosely defined as genetic inheritance or the genetic makeup (the information encoded in your genes) which a person inherits from both parents at the time of conception and carries throughout life. Several things in an individual genetically

Continuity And Theory Of Continuity - 897 Words

Continuity and discontinuity are two theories in developmental psychology that attempt to explain how people change throughout their lives. The continuity theory states that a person changes throughout life along a smooth course, while the discontinuity theory states that people change abruptly. Merriam-Webster defines continuity as an uninterrupted connection, succession, or union, or an uninterrupted duration or continuation especially without essential change. Change is defined as to make different to alter, to make radically different, to transform, or to give a different position, course, or direction to. Changes may be described as a variety of someone’s social, and behavioral makeup like their emotions, traditions, beliefs, habits or personality. Rousseau, can be said to be a supporter of the theory of continuity, as he believed that the ignorance of the natural child could lead to harmful adult outcomes through society’s ignorant mishandling of parenting, education and socialization. The assumption was that each stage built on and requiring the successful completion of each previous stage. Sigmund Freud and Jean Piaget, were believers in continuity. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development could be explained through a smooth and steady sequence of stages from the sensorimotor stages of infancy to the formal operational stage achieved in adolescence. Piaget’s theory also assumed the importance of early development as the necessary foundation for further developmentShow MoreRelatedThe Continuity Theory Of Aging894 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The belief that people cope with life better by applying familiar strategies based on their past experiences is the continuity theory of aging. This paper will review this theory, as well as discuss an interview done with an elderly individual, and how the interview relates to the continuity theory. Theory The continuity theory of aging is the belief that older adults will usually maintain the same relationships, behaviors, and activities as they did in their earlier years. Kali andRead MoreContinuity Theory of Adult Aging Essay3363 Words   |  14 Pagesthat some of her belongings are to be split amongst her children, but leaves much of what she owns to her local church, as would be expected. She does not drive and so relies on her nurse to drive her to the store and to church. Theory of Aging The continuity theory of aging contends that â€Å"older adults will usually maintain the same personality, values, morals, and basic patterns of behaviors as they did in the earlier years of their life, regardless of the life changes they may encounter,† (CiteRead MoreDiscuss The Regional Continuity Theory And Elaborating On The Out Of Africa Theory Essay1777 Words   |  8 Pageswhere modern humans originated from. The first theory, out of Africa, discusses modern humans evolving in Africa. They migrated out to Eurasia and as the time went on their species evolved independently and developed into distinct species. All other human populations were eventually replaced with no interbreeding involved in the process and Homo sapiens had successfully dominated the rest of the world. On the other hand, the second theory, regional continuity, says that our earliest hominid ancestorsRead MoreThe Issue Of Personal Identity Essay1529 Words   |  7 Pagesultimately Rosenkranztâ€⠄¢s endurance view, the theory of self-recognition by intimate internal referential relation to oneself known through memory and inner awareness as the best solution to the problem of the criterion for determining persons’ persisting over time. However I will first examine the views of three other influential philosophers and show why Rosenkrazt’s theory is in the end better. First we will explore Sydney Shoemaker and his theory of memory as a criterion for personal identityRead MoreDisengagement Theory Is The First Formal Theory Of Aging873 Words   |  4 PagesDisengagement theory is the first formal theory of aging. It was first proposed in 1961 by Elaine Cumming and William Hendry. They both were researchers from the University of Chicago. The two developed their theory in their book Growing Old: The Process of Disengagement. In the book they criticized the implicit theory that people can adjust, be satisfied, and happy in old age. They can also be physically in volved and remain active throughout their lives. â€Å"Cumming and Henry argued that normal agingRead MoreHuman s Personality And Preferences May Change Over Time972 Words   |  4 Pagesthe mental states grounds the notion of psychological continuity. Raising the problem of circularity in the memory theory, I will explain how to amend the psychological continuity to avoid the problem. At first, philosophers used the same body theory to explain personal identity. They assume that a person at one time is the very same person as a person later if and only if they have the same body. However, one problem of the same body theory is that biologically the body is constantly changing. ARead MorePersonal Identity And Social Identity1241 Words   |  5 Pagesperson to his/her theory view will be summarized and a counterexample will be provided to attempt to disprove the brain view, this will also be done for the the memory continuity theory. Then, the psychological continuity theory will be provided as the most probable The brain-as-person theory and the memory continuity theory seem to be plausible but do not accommodate the existence of personal identity as well as the psychological continuity theory. At one point in time, the theory that a human beingRead MoreThe Psychological Approach Of Personal Identity And It s Persistence Over Time741 Words   |  3 PagesHowever, other theories come into play and reject the psychological approach to explaining personal identity and it’s persistence over time; claims that continuity of the brain and memory are not enough to explain and confirm personal identity are made. These theories include the biological approach, the dualist theory, and the materialist approach from Shoemaker, which involves the memory theory. Through the review of these theories respectively, a clearer understanding of personal identity canRead MoreAnalysis Of John Locke And The Problem Of Personal Identity1622 Words   |  7 Pagesthe nature of identity, persons, and immorality (Jacobsen, 2016). This essay will discuss the three themes John Locke presents in his argument regarding personal identity, which are, the concept of categories, substance vs. man vs . person, and the continuity of consciousness. Categories Locke argues that we cannot compare something until we have an idea of what category the thing being discussed will the placed under. He elaborates on this notion and argues that asking whether something is the sameRead MorePersonal Contiguity And Personal Identity736 Words   |  3 Pagessaid to the same person, persisting through time. Personal continuity or also called personal persistence in psychology, is the uninterrupted connection that concerns between a particular person of his or her private life and personality. Personal continuity is the property of a connected and continuous period of time, it is also related with the person body of physical being in a single four-dimension continuum. With the decision theory, the primary subject would be rational choice. people have

India and China free essay sample

An analysis of the problems during Colonial times in India and China. Although, certain apologists of colonialism have tried to depict colonial rule and influence as benign and even beneficial for the populations of lesser civilizations, the fact of the matter is that colonization of these countries was done for exploitative (economic), religious and strategic motives. This paper focuses on the problems that the two countries had to endure as a result of the colonial rule or influence, and the similarities and differences between their experiences. Issues such as the transfer of wealth, unfair trade, the opium wars and poverty are covered in the paper. Although poverty is still a shocking sight in India today, it was even worse during the colonial period. There were 31 serious famines during 120 years of direct British rule in India compared to 17 in the 2000 years before the British rule. (Mike Davis quoted in The Colonial Legacy). We will write a custom essay sample on India and China or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If you think this was due to rapid growth in population, you are wrong between 1870 and 1910, Indias population grew by 19% while England and Waless population grew by 58%. Most eyewitness accounts of India before the British colonization describe India as a rich country. (From Trade to?). The region is still struggling to climb out of crippling poverty after 200 years of colonial exploitation.

Woollen Mills Pty Ltd vs Commonwealth †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Woollen Mills Pty Ltd vs Commonwealth. Answer: Introduction: According to the facts of the case it is a case of breach of duty of care under the law of tort. A breach of duty cause when it has been found that the defendant has found to be failure to exercise the duty of care towards the defendant. Due to the negligence towards the duty of care which causes by the defendant causes damages to the plaintiff. Balfour v. Attorney General [1991] is one of the famous case of Australia where a damage has been caused to the plaintiff by the defendant due to the failure of duty of care of proximity causes. Under the law of tort it is a case of breach of duty of care. Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] is a case where plaintiff has found damages of heath issues due to the negligence which has been caused by the defendant while he served a beer bottle with a decomposed snail in it. As per the fact of the case Ellen went to the office of the council officer for the assurance of him if it will be fine to take the property for her meditation business. However he told that everything will be finned but it causes damages to her and her business. As a council office it was his duty to provides every information to the clients which is the duty of him. The council officer has owned the duty of care towards Ellen but he failed to exercise the duty of care which causes the breach of duty of care towards Ellen. Therefore he is liable for the damages which she suffered. According to the contract law, a contract has been formed between two or more that two parties. When a contract formed it follows various elements which include offer and acceptance, capacity of contract, consideration, legal intention and certainty between the parties. When the parties failed to meet the elements of the contract it had been breached legal binding of the contract. Australian Woollen Mills Pty Ltd v The Commonwealth High Court of Australia (1954) is one of example of breach of the contract. In this case the court has stated that the parties of the contract have failed to form a legally binding contract due to the failure of exercise the terms of consideration, condition and legal intention. Therefore the formation of the contract has become invalid for the breach of the terms of the contracts. The parties are bound to follow the five elements when they are forming a legally valid contract. One party will make the offer and other one will accept it. The consideration will set the contract where it will consider the exchange of values. The sound mind people only form the contract. The legal intention is necessary along with the certainty. According to the facts when Ellen took the property for her meditation business she has informed the landlord about her requirement of having a clam environment for running the business. However due to the renovation work to the next door it creates nuisance and disturbance to her business. The disturbances cause several damages to her. The clients are not able to concentrate of the meditation and she suffered mental illness. Therefore according to the terms of the contract the land lord has failed to form a contract which consists of all consideration, legal intention and certainty. A breach of contract has been occurring by the landlord who causes damages to her. The contributory negligence is one of the part of the negligence under the tort law where defendant can use it as defense where the liability of the damages has caused by him to the plaintiff. According to the terms of the contributory negligence defendant can share the liability of damages with the plaintiff where plaintiff has suffered the damages. The liabilities of the damages are applicable for both of them. Podrebersek v Australian Iron and Steel [1985] is a case of contributory negligence where court has found the liabilities of damages by both of the plaintiff and defendant due to the negligence. In the case of Bankstown Foundry Pty Ltd v Braistina [1986] court found that the plaintiff has suffered several damages by the defendant due to acts of negligence but the liabilities of damages lied upon to both of plaintiff and defendant. As per the facts of the case the council officer has owned a duty of care towards his clients. When Ellen asked for his suggestions about the lease property before she make the agreement he has stated not to worry about without any enquiries. However Ellen is equally liable in this case because without the appropriate consideration and determination from the landlord she made the lease agreement. It causes several damages to her and the meditation business. Due to the renovation process to the next door of her business property created disturbances to the clients where they are not able to concentrate on the meditation process. It is an act of contributory negligence by both Ellen and the council officer. In this case Ellen is the ultimate sufferer who faced the damages which causes mental illness and disturbance to the clients. Though she changes the shift timing it still made the noise of construction. Conclusion Due to the liability of Ellen and Council officer it can be concluded that if she claimed compensation from him then partly she will also face the burden of liabilities. Reference Australian Woollen Mills Pty Ltd v The Commonwealth High Court of Australia (1954) 92 CLR 424 Balfour v. Attorney General [1991] 519 Bankstown Foundry Pty Ltd v Braistina [1986] HCA 20 Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 Podrebersek v Australian Iron and Steel [1985] HCA 34